使用陣列參數執行SQL WHERE IN比對
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傳入字串或數字陣列當作篩選參數是很常見的SQL查詢情境,例如: 使用者在UI勾選取10項類別代碼,希望從Products資料表找出這10類的所有產品,轉換成SQL語法,相當於SELECT * FROM Products WHERE CategoryId IN (1,3,8,...,215)。
遇到這類需求,好傻好天真的開發者不小心會寫成恐怖的SQL Injection自殺式查詢:
string sql = "SELECT * FROM Products WHERE CategoryId IN (" +
string.Joing(", ", Request["categories"].Split(',')) + ")";
【嚴正提醒】直接將使用者輸入內容組成SQL字串如同在加油站放鞭炮,為害人害己的自殺行為,按江湖上的規矩,應判唯一死刑(阿魯巴到死!)! 請所有開發人員格外留意。
串SQL字串的做法大錯特錯,出了新手村的開發者都知道,DB查詢要用Parameter才是王道,但面對WHERE IN情境,得配合IN條件的資料筆數一一生出對應的Parameter,有點難度。不過,這可難不倒老江湖,薑!薑!薑!薑~
using (SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection(cnStr))
{
cn.Open();
var cmd = cn.CreateCommand();
string[] ids = "1,4".Split(',');
int idx = 0;
List<string> list = new List<string>();
foreach (string id in ids) {
string pn = "@p" + idx++;
cmd.Parameters.Add(pn, SqlDbType.Int).Value = id;
list.Add(pn);
}
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Products WHERE CategoryID IN ("
+ string.Join(",", list.ToArray()) + ")";
var dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(dr["ProductName"]);
}
Console.Read();
}
依IN條件筆數在SQL字串加入變數,再逐一產生SqlParameter放進SqlCommand.Parameters,運用List<string>、String.Join()的技巧,程式碼尚稱簡潔,但隱約覺得有點笨拙。比較大的問題是--這個做法很難搬進Stored Procedure,畢竟Stored Procudure的輸入參數必須預先定義寫死,不像C#有params object[] args可用!
我想起了TVP(Table-Value-Paramter, 資料表值參數,SQL2008起支援)! 如果能將WHERE IN篩選條件用陣列參數傳給SQL,多麼優雅呀!!
先來個小測試,在SQL建立NVarChar與Int型別的Table型別,基本上就能涵蓋大部分的WHERE IN應用。接著宣告一個@cattIds變數,塞入1跟4兩筆資料,當成北風資料庫Products資料表的類別WHERE IN條件,成功!
CREATE TYPE dbo.Str64Array
AS TABLE(item NVARCHAR(64))
CREATE TYPE dbo.IntArray
AS TABLE(item INT)
DECLARE @catgIds dbo.IntArray
INSERT INTO @catgIds VALUES(1);
INSERT INTO @catgIds VALUES(4);
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE CategoryID IN
(SELECT Item FROM @catgIds)
下一步,把戰場拉回.NET,改用ADO.NET呼叫。@catgIds SqlParameter的型別是SqlDbType.Structured,需傳入DataTable物件當值。為便於重複利用,我寫了個小函式GetTVPValue<T>(params T[] args),透過泛型技巧跟params彈性參數個數,就能用GetTVPValue<int>(1,2,3)或GetTVPValue<string>("A","B","C")輕鬆產生所需的DataTable。
改用TVP傳送WHERE IN參數後,程式碼是不是清爽多了呢?
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static string cnStr =
"Data Source=(local);Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=Northwind";
static DataTable GetTVPValue<T>(params T[] args)
{
DataTable t = new DataTable();
t.Columns.Add("Item", typeof(T));
foreach (T item in args)
{
t.Rows.Add(item);
}
return t;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
using (SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection(cnStr))
{
cn.Open();
var cmd = cn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText =
@"SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE CategoryID IN
(SELECT Item FROM @catgIds)";
var p = cmd.Parameters.Add("@catgIds", SqlDbType.Structured);
p.TypeName = "IntArray";
p.Value = GetTVPValue<int>(1, 4);
var dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(dr["ProductName"]);
}
Console.Read();
}
}
}
}
同樣的概念,搬到Stored Procedure自然也是一氣喝成:
CREATE PROCEDURE SelectProductsByCategoryId (
@catgIds dbo.IntArray READONLY
)
AS
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE CategoryID IN
(SELECT Item FROM @catgIds)
using (SqlConnection cn = new SqlConnection(cnStr))
{
cn.Open();
var cmd = cn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "SelectProductsByCategoryId";
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
var p = cmd.Parameters.Add("@catgIds", SqlDbType.Structured);
p.TypeName = "IntArray";
p.Value = GetTVPValue<int>(1, 4);
var dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(dr["ProductName"]);
}
Console.Read();
}
搞定收工!
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